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Saturday, 7 December 2019

LAND MEASUREMENT UNITS USE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES:
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LAND MEASUREMENT UNITS USE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES:

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UNITS CONVERSION FACTORS


FEET OR METERS:

1 Feet = 12 inches
1 Feet = 0.3048 meter
1 Feet = 0.0929 meter square
1 Inch = 25.4 mm
1 Meter = 1,000 mm
1 Meter =3.281 feet
1 Meter = 1.094 yard
1 Meter Square = 10.764 square feet

CENTIMETER:

1 Centimeter = 0.3937 inches
1 Centimeter = 0.032808 feet
2.54 Centimeter= 1 inch
30.48 Centimeters = 1 Foot
91.44 Centimeters = 1 yard
1 karam = 5.5 feet
1 karam = 1.67 meter
1 square Karam =  30.25 square feet
1 square Karam = 2.679 meter square

MARLA:

1 Marla = 272.24 square feet = 9 square karam
1 Marla =  25.10 meter square

KANAL:

1 Kanal  = 20 Marla = 5444.8 square feet (since, 1 Marla = 272.24 Square feet)
1 Kanal  =  502 meter square (since, 1 Marla = 25.10 meter square)
1 Kanal  =  180 square Karam (since 1 Marla = 9 square Karam)

 ACRE:

1 Acre =  43,560 Square Feet
1 Acre =  160 square rods
1 Acre = 10 square chains
1 Acre = 160 poles
1 Acre = 0.4047 Hectare
1 Acre = 100 square meters

HECTARE:

1 Hectare = 10,000 Square meter
1 Hectare = 107,639 sq ft
1 Hectare = 11959.8 sq. yards
1 Hectare = 11959.8/4840 = 2.47 acre

FOOT OR FURLONG:

1 Foot =  12 inches
1 Foot = 0.36 vars
1 Foot = 0.3048006
1 Furlong = 660 feet
1 Furlong =40 rods

LINK:

1 Link = 7.92 inches
1 Link = 0.66 feet
1 Link = 0.2017 meter

MILE:

1 Mile = 5280 feet
1 Mile =8 furlong
1 Mile = 320 rods
1 Mile = 80 chains
1 Mile =  1.60935 kilometers
1 Mile = 320 perches
1 Mile = 800 links
1 Mile = 1609.2655 meters
1 Mile Square = 27,878,400 square feet
1 Mile Square = 2.59 square hectares

PERCH, POLE OR ROD:

1 Perch = 25 links
1 Perch = 1 pole
1 Perch = 1 rod
1 Perch = 16.5 feet
1 Pole = 16.5 feet
1 Pole = 1 perch
1 Pole = 1 rod

YARD:

1 Yard = 36 inches
1 Yard = 3 feet
1 yard = 0.9144 meters
1 Yard = 91.44 centimeter
1 Square Yard = 9 square feet

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Wednesday, 4 December 2019

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Retaining Walls

Retaining walls , types of retaining walls 0 Comments

 Gravity Retaining Walls

Ø  Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressure from behind and may have a 'batter' setback to improve stability by leaning back toward the retained soil.

Ø   For short landscaping walls, they are often made from mortar less stone or segmental concrete units (masonry units).

Cantilevered retaining walls

Ø  Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T).

Ø  These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.


Counter fort/Buttress on Cantilevered Wall

Ø  Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed on the front, or include a counter fort on the back, to improve their strength resisting high loads. Buttresses are short wing walls at right angles to the main trend of the wall.

Ø  These walls require rigid concrete footings below seasonal frost depth. This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall.


Sheet pile wall

Ø  Sheet pile retaining walls are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are made out of steel, vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. For a quick estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment.

Ø  Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod.

Ø  Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.

Anchored retaining wall


Ø  An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables or other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it.

Ø  Usually driven into the material with boring, anchors are then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or often by injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to form a bulb in the soil.
Technically complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak.
ANCHOR 
ANCHOR 



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Sunday, 1 December 2019

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Components of Retaining Wall

Retaining walls , types of retaining walls 0 Comments

Retaining Wall
COMPONENT OF RETAINING WALL


Types of Retaining Wall:
  • Gravity Retaining Wall

  • Cantilever Retaining Wall

  • Counter fort/Buttress on Cantilevered Wall
  • Sheet piling
  • Anchored
  


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