FIRST STEP TO ENGINEERING

Our site is to develop the basic needs of an engineer, who create the world, Civil Engineers creators, our blog shares necessary Engineering information on Standards, Methods & Materials with brief description to create awareness and provide knowledge that is valuable to professionals & Students. Our goal is to spread engineering and technology to help our society live, and fulfill their needs for nearer development, dedicated to knowledge sharing root of enhanced civil engineering.

Saturday, 7 December 2019

LAND MEASUREMENT UNITS USE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES:
,

LAND MEASUREMENT UNITS USE IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES:

0 Comments

UNITS CONVERSION FACTORS


FEET OR METERS:

1 Feet = 12 inches
1 Feet = 0.3048 meter
1 Feet = 0.0929 meter square
1 Inch = 25.4 mm
1 Meter = 1,000 mm
1 Meter =3.281 feet
1 Meter = 1.094 yard
1 Meter Square = 10.764 square feet

CENTIMETER:

1 Centimeter = 0.3937 inches
1 Centimeter = 0.032808 feet
2.54 Centimeter= 1 inch
30.48 Centimeters = 1 Foot
91.44 Centimeters = 1 yard
1 karam = 5.5 feet
1 karam = 1.67 meter
1 square Karam =  30.25 square feet
1 square Karam = 2.679 meter square

MARLA:

1 Marla = 272.24 square feet = 9 square karam
1 Marla =  25.10 meter square

KANAL:

1 Kanal  = 20 Marla = 5444.8 square feet (since, 1 Marla = 272.24 Square feet)
1 Kanal  =  502 meter square (since, 1 Marla = 25.10 meter square)
1 Kanal  =  180 square Karam (since 1 Marla = 9 square Karam)

 ACRE:

1 Acre =  43,560 Square Feet
1 Acre =  160 square rods
1 Acre = 10 square chains
1 Acre = 160 poles
1 Acre = 0.4047 Hectare
1 Acre = 100 square meters

HECTARE:

1 Hectare = 10,000 Square meter
1 Hectare = 107,639 sq ft
1 Hectare = 11959.8 sq. yards
1 Hectare = 11959.8/4840 = 2.47 acre

FOOT OR FURLONG:

1 Foot =  12 inches
1 Foot = 0.36 vars
1 Foot = 0.3048006
1 Furlong = 660 feet
1 Furlong =40 rods

LINK:

1 Link = 7.92 inches
1 Link = 0.66 feet
1 Link = 0.2017 meter

MILE:

1 Mile = 5280 feet
1 Mile =8 furlong
1 Mile = 320 rods
1 Mile = 80 chains
1 Mile =  1.60935 kilometers
1 Mile = 320 perches
1 Mile = 800 links
1 Mile = 1609.2655 meters
1 Mile Square = 27,878,400 square feet
1 Mile Square = 2.59 square hectares

PERCH, POLE OR ROD:

1 Perch = 25 links
1 Perch = 1 pole
1 Perch = 1 rod
1 Perch = 16.5 feet
1 Pole = 16.5 feet
1 Pole = 1 perch
1 Pole = 1 rod

YARD:

1 Yard = 36 inches
1 Yard = 3 feet
1 yard = 0.9144 meters
1 Yard = 91.44 centimeter
1 Square Yard = 9 square feet

By at No comments:

Wednesday, 4 December 2019

,

Retaining Walls

Retaining walls , types of retaining walls 0 Comments

 Gravity Retaining Walls

Ø  Gravity walls depend on their mass (stone, concrete or other heavy material) to resist pressure from behind and may have a 'batter' setback to improve stability by leaning back toward the retained soil.

Ø   For short landscaping walls, they are often made from mortar less stone or segmental concrete units (masonry units).

Cantilevered retaining walls

Ø  Cantilevered retaining walls are made from an internal stem of steel-reinforced, cast-in-place concrete or mortared masonry (often in the shape of an inverted T).

Ø  These walls cantilever loads (like a beam) to a large, structural footing, converting horizontal pressures from behind the wall to vertical pressures on the ground below.


Counter fort/Buttress on Cantilevered Wall

Ø  Sometimes cantilevered walls are buttressed on the front, or include a counter fort on the back, to improve their strength resisting high loads. Buttresses are short wing walls at right angles to the main trend of the wall.

Ø  These walls require rigid concrete footings below seasonal frost depth. This type of wall uses much less material than a traditional gravity wall.


Sheet pile wall

Ø  Sheet pile retaining walls are usually used in soft soils and tight spaces. Sheet pile walls are made out of steel, vinyl or wood planks which are driven into the ground. For a quick estimate the material is usually driven 1/3 above ground, 2/3 below ground, but this may be altered depending on the environment.

Ø  Taller sheet pile walls will need a tie-back anchor, or "dead-man" placed in the soil a distance behind the face of the wall, that is tied to the wall, usually by a cable or a rod.

Ø  Anchors are placed behind the potential failure plane in the soil.

Anchored retaining wall


Ø  An anchored retaining wall can be constructed in any of the aforementioned styles but also includes additional strength using cables or other stays anchored in the rock or soil behind it.

Ø  Usually driven into the material with boring, anchors are then expanded at the end of the cable, either by mechanical means or often by injecting pressurized concrete, which expands to form a bulb in the soil.
Technically complex, this method is very useful where high loads are expected, or where the wall itself has to be slender and would otherwise be too weak.
ANCHOR 
ANCHOR 



By at No comments:
Labels: ,

Sunday, 1 December 2019

,

Components of Retaining Wall

Retaining walls , types of retaining walls 0 Comments

Retaining Wall
COMPONENT OF RETAINING WALL


Types of Retaining Wall:
  • Gravity Retaining Wall

  • Cantilever Retaining Wall

  • Counter fort/Buttress on Cantilevered Wall
  • Sheet piling
  • Anchored
  


By at No comments:
Labels: ,

Tuesday, 26 November 2019

,

Indexed Journals by Scopus

journals. Identify ISI , SCOPUS SCIMAGO INDEXED JOURNALS 0 Comments

Scopus journal list 

Indexed Journals by Scopus offers authority and credibility to engineering science student researchers. These are the highest ten Scopus indexed journals in engineering science which will publish quality papers within the journals.

Magazine of engineering science.
Advances in engineering science.
Archives of engineering science.
Asian Journal of engineering science.
Australian Journal of engineering science.
Canadian Journal of engineering science.
Civil Engineering.
Civil Engineering and Environmental Systems.
Ecology and engineering science.


Magazine of engineering science provides a fantastic platform wherever you can publish a clever analysis paper. This platform has each an internet and written version of the civil engineering original analysis papers. The texts and data are typically transferred to the National Digital Library and also the digital library of technical school University. this permits for the researchers within the engineers and managers in the constructions to search for the data online. The journals are written with strict tips that focus a lot of on the economic potency all told the technical solutions that they provide. The journals within the magazine of civil engineering d cowl various aspects of civil engineering such as; mechanics and processes and its technologies. Structural engineering and structural mechanics is additionally one space that the journals do cowl. If you're closing analysis on Construction and also the various building materials then w even have journals that do address that.

Advance in civil engineering could be a platform of its own kind that invitations many publications of electrical journals. The common fields of analysis articles that are commonly printed in this journal embrace those related to civil engineering. The journals that you just want to publish will either be theoretical or sensible. The LOCKSS initiative interacted with this journal platform permits access to its printed journals by the public i.e researchers civil engineers and even construction managers. Having a Citescore of one.16 from the 2017 Citescore metrics makes this the most effective platform for printed article analysis and business your own researches.


Archives of civil engineering invite the publication of origials analysis papers carried on various modes of research like experimental, sensible analysis papers and theoretical research papers. The platform possesses unimaginable features like the Pliagarim s check system that checks similarity of content, easy and accessible layout for the authors, and systematic tips for the authors UN agency would love to public their publications. Archives for civil engineering invitations Civils engineering publications from various fields like soils mechanics, engineering foundations on metals, concrete and timber and finally on structural mechanics.


International journal of engineering science could be a forum that allows you to access theoretical and sensible analysis that was printed. the first analysis papers on civil engineering cowl the subsequent subtopics; structures, earthquakes, water resources transportation etc. this is often a civil engineering international forum community that combines a broad spectrum of the theoretical and sensible analysis field. Having an implausible platform with a straightforward navigation system that permits one to publish his researches. For those that are searching for analysis materials then this is often a portal that's continuously open for research functions.



Transactions of civil engineering Iranian journal of science and technology-Transactions of civil engineering focuses on all the aspects of civil engineering which has, earthquake engineering, Concrete engineering steel structures , Structural engineering etc. the ultimate aim of the journal is to ensure that there is improved growth on the various scientific research that's being carried day in time out by the Iranians Egninneres. Most of the Iranians researchers have printed various scientific and technological researches on civil engineering at massive. The Iranian journal of science and technology-Transactions of civil engineering portal is receptive all the researchers UN agency would like to appear for major publications from the Iranians scientists within the civil engineering disciplinary.


Scopus indexed journal of Journal of the South African institution of civil engineering
Journal of the South African establishment of civil engineering is that the place for civil engineers World Health Organization would love to hold out analysis or wh would like to publish their research. the web establishments aim at changing into the leading learned learning society within the international standards and so it always invitations for analysis publications all told the aspects f civil engineering. Currently, it’s the leading online journal publication site in South-Africa. it has got systematic tips on the way to publish journals on its platform whose criteria is internationally accepted. because of the editorial board and strict conditions that the authors do have to be compelled to follow for his or her publications to be printed.


When looking once carrying out a research-related Materials in Civil Engineering then researching the Journals posted on our platform can offer you with a facet scope of data. For you to gain this access to a data pool of analysis then you have got to look at some security protocols. you'll undergo a tutorial video that may for sure guide you n creating the proper application of your username and watchword. this is often thus to guard all the data that has been previously researched. like all alternative platform, you're conjointly allowed to publish the varied journals that you simply had researched previously.

The Korean Society of Civil Engineers (KSCE)IS THE ONE RESOSNIGLWE IN business OF THIS JOURNAL. The journal is to blame for business a good range of technology works. The analysis is usually theoretical or sensible orienting that isn't restricted case studies. I8n order to enhance the science and technological levels in civil in engineering journals within the following classes are typically invited for publishing; Tunnel Engineering, Geospatial engineering, engineering not feat out Structural engineering. in addition thereto, it conjointly picks journals from the following classes, water engineering, and transportation engineering.

The Proceedings of the establishment of civil engineers-civil engineering journals have a good scope on the utility and also the theoretics of the journal. It comes engineering science topics that ranged from management, geospatial engineering, materials science, structural mechanics etc. the platform conjointly welcomes authors to come back and p[ublish their journals. once which the authors are typically given electronic articles during which they will share on their profile. Submitting your paper  to those journal is completely freed from charge.

Scopus indexed journal of Canadian Journal of civil engineering
The Canadian Journal of civil engineering is a politician journal for the Canadian civil engineers whose publishments is dated back in 1974. once trying to find a journal the options we have a tendency to engineering developments within the civil engineering field then {this is|this is often|this will be} the journal that you just can think about. The journal has got various varieties of articles starting from structural mechanics, mechanics, engineering material; associate degree etc. the contributors during this journals are the nice researchers and practitioners. The journal conjointly invitations new researchers within the civil engineering mechanics to return out associate degree provide out their contribution. For the researchers World Health Organization would love to access the content that has previously researched, they're welcome to transfer the electronic analysis articles from the journal.
By at No comments:
Labels: ,

Monday, 25 November 2019

,

Air- Entraining admixtures

admixtures.Air- entraining admixtures , Air- Entraining admixtures 0 Comments

Air- Entraining Admixtures

Air-entraining admixtures are used to purposely introduce and stabilize microscopic air bubbles (of predominately between 0.25—1 mm diameter) in concrete.
·         Air-entrainment will dramatically improve the durability of concrete exposed to cycles of freezing and thawing.
·         Entrained air greatly improves concrete’s resistance to surface scaling caused by chemical de-icers.
·         Furthermore, the workability of fresh concrete is improved significantly, and segregation and bleeding are reduced or eliminated.

Air entraining agent materials and mechanism in concrete


The main chemicals used in air-entraining admixtures are:

  • – Natural wood resins
  • – Animal and vegetable fats and oils such as tallow, olive oil and their fatty acids such as stearic and oleic acids
  • – Various wetting agents such as alkali salts or sulphonated organic compounds
  • – Water soluble soaps of resins acid
  • – Miscellaneous materials such as sodium salts of petroleum sulphonic acids, hydrogen peroxide and aluminium powder, etc.







A typical dose of admixture is 0.0005 to 0.05% of active ingredient by weight of cement.

Dosing: The dosage rate for air—entraining admixtures may typically be as low as 0.6 ml per 1 kg cement and accurate dosing is therefore essential.


Temperature: An increase in temperature will reduce air content. A rise in temperature from 10 to 32°C may halve the amount of air entrained but normal day-to-day temperature fluctuations are much smaller and do not cause significant problems.

The air voids are entrained and stabilized when a surfactant is added to the cement-water system:
·         At the air-water interface the agents are oriented toward the water phase lowering the surface tension, promoting bubble formation.
·         At the solid-water interface the agents making the cement surface hydrophobic so that air can displace water and remain attached to the solid particles as bubbles.

By at No comments:
Labels: , , ,

er.yuvaraja@ Weebly.com